Gertrude and Ophelia Essay

Shakespeare’s characterization of Gertrude and Ophelia in Hamlet is paradoxical as it challenges as well as complements the contemporary social traditions and norms. Gertrude is the best example of this paradox that is manifested through her extraordinary supremacy over all the major characters of Hamlet, her influence in the court matters and state affairs and her blind obedience to Claudius. Ophelia is also active in her domestic domain but her interest are restricted to amorous and matrimonial maters only and they are further directed by his father Polonius and brother Laertes. She is an epitome of traditional feminist expressions of the age that require chastity, compliance and acceptance of male dominancy from women. Gertrude influence is wide ranging as it encompasses the domestic as well as the state affairs. Simultaneously she manifests the behaviour that is in consonance with the contemporary traditional view. She has the ability to captivate, fend off, or manipulate all important male characters for her own interests. Act 2, scene 2, clearly manifests how Gertrude behaves authoritatively with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and with Polonius. This scene further depicts her interaction with Claudius and influence she possesses over Claudius. But she further exhibit the behaviour hat is an embodiment of Elizabethan socio-cultural milieu and its values. She is subservient to Claudius when she agrees to Claudius’ plan to trap Hamlet, ‘I shall obey you,’ (3. 1. 37). Again in the closet scene, she is in compliance to Hamlet’s orders; ‘What should I do? ’ she asks (3. 4. 181). Furthermore, despite Gertrude’s conformist female acquiescent behaviour, her excessive sexuality and lust makes him a non-traditional woman. This portrayal of Gertrude clearly challenges the social and ethical norm of Elizabethan society. Her sexuality is intimidating for both Hamlets, father and son, who consider it brutal, extreme, and tainted: ‘Nay, but to live/ In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed,/ Stewed in corruption, honeying and making love/ Over the nasty sty’ (3. 4. 92- ¬95); Again it is said; ‘ So lust, though to a radient angel linked,/ Will sate itself in a celestial bed And prey on garbage. ’ (1. 5. 55 ¬-57). These lines are not in conformity with the woman image of contemporary society where woman’s chastity was the first condition for her social recognition. The relation of Hamlet and Gertrude is marked with oedipal connotations. Hamlet is placed in a situation his unconscious incestuous inclinations are juxtaposed with the apparent incestuous relationship of Gertrude and Claudius who is a new father figure to him. This juxtaposition and presence of Oedipal feelings plays an important in changing Hamlet’s behaviour toward his mother. Ophelia is raised in a motherless environment so she was dominated by the mannish thought and authority from the earliest. Thus her character is formed to accept the demands and wishes external to her own self. Furthermore, Shakespeare characterization of Ophelia is influenced by the cultural tradition of the male-dominant Elizabethan society. Ophelia is a typical character that is a mirror image of contemporary society. She remains passive in the domestic and emotional domain. Ophelia has no identity of her own and all her domestic and amorous matters are directed by her father. Polonius endeavours to fashion the life and attitude of Ophelia according to his own wishes. He considers his desires as her desires and tries to tailor her approach by various means. So right from the very start, Ophelia is under the sway of Laertes and Polonius. So her character is in complete conformity with the traditional values of that time. Polonius always responds from a position of authority over Ophelia, emphasizing his power as the decision-maker for her. Both her father and brother have a self assigned task of directing Ophelia how to act properly in every domain of her life. Although Shakespeare has characterized Ophelia as inferior to male characters, but characterization of Gertrude has dual characteristic. Sometime it challenges the traditions of the conformist society and sometime it itself become conforms to the values of the society by acting passively. Although Gertrude and Ophelia are two different women but they are caught in the same dilemma and circumstances in relation to Hamlet. Both love Hamlet and suffer due to their relation with Hamlet. Although Gertrude follows the bidding of Claudius throughout the story, and cannot even effectually resist Polonius, she evinces a deep love for Hamlet. She almost lives by looking at Hamlet. The contempt and hatred of her beloved son cut her to the quick and drives her to the very verge of madness. It must be noted that when Hamlet’s upbraiding grows unbearable for the queen, the ghost of his father steps in to save Gertrude from a further expression of their son’s bitter hatred. Shakespeare has characterized her as a round character that develops herself as the play moves toward its end. Although she acknowledges her blunders but is not fully aware of its overall gravity and effect on Hamlet. She says to Hamlet; O Hamlet, speak no more! / Thou turn’st mine eyes into my very soul,/ And there I see such black and grained spots/ As will not leave their tinct. (3. 4. 89-92) Same happens with Ophelia as Hamlet is harsh to Ophelia. He charges her with unfaithfulness. Polonius and Laertes warn her of excessive indulgence in amorous affair with Hamlet. Although she is caring and loves her family i. e. Polonius and Laertes but her love for Hamlet was stronger than her discretion. So she â€Å"sucked the honey of his music vows†, (3. 1. 57) and that his loss to her madder her â€Å"of ladies most deject and wretched†. (3. 1. 56) We know that her love for Hamlet was not so strong yet queen hopes in vain that her virtues â€Å"Will bring him to his wonted way again. † (3. 1. 41) Both Gertrude and Ophelia do not direct or affect the course of events directly but their role is of considerable importance for understanding the character of Hamlet. Hamlet at once intensely Gertrude and passionately hates her. Same is the case with Ophelia. Hamlet loves him fervently and in an honourable way as Ophelia declares early in the play; My lord, he hath importuned me with/ In honourable fashion. (1. 3. 100-111) Later in the play, Hamlet communicates his feeling toward her in this way on her grave; I loved Ophelia; forty thousand brothers/ Could not, with all their quantity of love,/ Make up my sum, (5. 1. 269-271) There are some visible differences between Gertrude and Ophelia as mentioned above but there subtle and implicit differences too. One of these differences is their attitude toward faithfulness. Gertrude seems unfaithful whereas Ophelia embodies the spirit of Elizabethan concept of fidelity. Gertrude is an instrument of, and incentive towards, crime; she is not criminally involved herself. The only exception to this the fact that by consenting to marry Claudius only such a short while after the death of her husband, she betrays either the greater infirmity of will, or an abnormally high degree of sexuality. The ghost makes it clear that Gertrude was neither an accessory to the murder nor even aware of it. We can call her a weak woman, not a wicked or depraved woman. The ghost styles her ‘seeming virtuous’. Hamlet forces her to search her heart. Then she is able to see how shameless and offensive to good sense and modesty her ‘over-hasty marriage’ was. It is quite clear that Ophelia is constant in her faithfulness to Hamlet as well as to her family. This tussle between love and duty plays some part in her loss of sanity. She is devotedly fond even of his tyrannical father and listens meekly to her brother’s precepts and promises; â€Å"I shall the effect of this good lesson keep/ As watchman to my heart†. (1. 3. 45-46) As in all things she obeys him, no matter how much it costs her to disobey the promptings of her heart. She also becomes an instrument for spying on the prince. But on the other side her love and fidelity to Hamlet remains the strongest factor in her life. Although she never declares her love in so many words, yet we know that her heart was given entirely to him. This is a manifestation of divergent rather conflictive faithfulness that she to his lover and family. Despite this intricate environment, she never betrayed her family as well as Hamlet. Another important contrast is their strength of character in reacting to this complex situation. Gertrude remains stable in this state of affairs due to her strong characterization but Ophelia turns mad and behaves like childlike. Thus she becomes the most pathetic of Shakespeare characters. Unlike Gertrude she possesses a childlike simplicity and maintains it throughout the play. So Shakespeare dramatic realism has produced a character full of pathos and miseries in the form of Ophelia and has used it effectively, like Gertrude, in the overall design of the play. As above-mentioned claims supported by textual and extra-textual facts clearly reveal that both Gertrude and Ophelia have certain common characteristics but they were not certainly identical characters. Both are used as subsidiaries to the main characters. Shakespeare skilfully takes advantage of their presence in the play and uses them in the larger design of the play. He further shows different manifestation of human character through them. Although both remain a prey to same dilemma and to an almost same fate in the play but as both have different dispositions and socio-cultural upbringing so they react differently to the situations and they have different roles to play in the play. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Washington Square Press: New York, 1992.

Mitch Snyder

Mitch Snyder (1943-1990) is known mostly for his work advocating for the rights of homeless people and specifically as a leader of the Community For Creative Non-Violence (CCNV). CCNV began in the early 1970s as an anti-war group and evolved into an organization that provides food, clothing, shelter, and educational programs for the poor and homeless. Towards his goal of improving the lives of homeless people, Snyder employed non-violent confrontational protest tactics aimed at shocking the public and drawing media attention to this cause. These protest tactics included building occupation, construction of a tent city in Lafayette Park, vandalism, and hunger strikes. During his time in prison, Snyder converted to Christianity and fully embrace a radical Catholic form of social protest. Snyder served two years in federal prison, 1970-1972, for violating the Dyer Act. While in prison at the Danbury Correctional facility in Danbury Connecticut, he met the radical anti-war Catholic Priest Daniel Berrigan and like Berrigan, Snyder became an outspoken critic of the Vietnam War and the treatment of prisoners in federal correctional facilities. His protest methods included prisoner work strikes and hunger strikes. The political and spiritual conversion he experienced in prison shaped his life. Upon being released in 1973 Snyder came home to rejoin his family. Less than one year later he left his family again and joined the Community for Creative Non Violence (CCNV) in Washington, D. C. CCNV was at that time operating a medical clinic, a pretrial house, a soup kitchen, a thrift store and a halfway house. CCNV came out of a discussion group about the Vietnam War at George Washington University. CCNV was also very active in non-violent direct action in opposition to the Vietnam War. Snyder became the driving force of CCNV but worked with many deeply committed people including his life and professional partner, Carol Fennelly; Mary Ellen Hombs, with whom he co authored Homelessness in America: A Forced March to Nowhere; and Ed and Kathleen Guinan. Snyder dedicated himself to awakening the national conscience and challenging the political system. Starting in the late 1970s, he had begun organizing demonstrations designed to call attention to the unmet needs of homeless men and women in the streets of the nation's capital, often leeping on steam-heat exhaust grates located near federal buildings. Headline-grabbing protests that Snyder sparked — as a leader of a onetime anti-Vietnam War organization, the Community for Creative Nonviolence — included a December 1978 takeover of the National Visitors Center, near Union Station, by homeless people. The action forced t he city to provide more shelter space. In November 1981 — three months after the New York settlement — Snyder led a group of about 150 activists and homeless people in building and occupying a tent camp they called â€Å"Reaganville† in Lafayette Park, across from the White House. In naming the camp after President Reagan, the activists were trying to evoke the Great Depression, when the jobless and homeless built camps they called â€Å"Hoovervilles,† after President Herbert Hoover. The next year, Philadelphia enacted an ordinance that also guaranteed the right to shelter, and in 1984 Washington finally acted. Partly in response to Snyder's and other protests, Washington voters in 1984 passed the nation's first referendum measure guaranteeing â€Å"adequate overnight shelter† to homeless people — a statutory equivalent of the New York legal agreement. He and CCNV pushed and prodded the District of Columbia, the local churches and temples and mosques, as well as the federal government to open space at night for homeless people, and worked to staff the space that was made available. Through demonstrations, public funerals for people who had frozen to death on DC streets, breaking into public buildings, and fasting, CCNV forced the creation of shelters in Washington and made homelessness a national and international issue. In the 1980s Snyder, Fennelly, and other CCNV activists entered and occupied an abandoned federal building at 425 2nd Street N. W. now Mitch Snyder Place) and housed hundreds overnight while demanding that the government renovate the building. Under intense pressure, the Reagan administration agreed to lease the Federal property to CCNV for $1 a year. Later the Federal government transferred the property to DC. It remains the largest shelter in Washington to this day. Snyder fasted twice to force the Reagan adminis tration to renovate the building. The first fast ended on the eve of Reagan's second election when Reagan promised to execute necessary repairs. Reagan failed to follow through on this promise, and litigation ensued. An Oscar-nominated documentary, Promises to Keep, narrated by Martin Sheen, follows that story and tells why a second fast was conducted. Sheen also played Mitch Snyder in the made-for-TV movie, Samaritan: The Mitch Snyder Story. Angered that Holy Trinity Parish in Georgetown planned an expensive renovation of that historic church, and maintaining that the money involved should be given instead to the poor, Snyder stood in the middle of the congregation throughout the Sunday Mass for many weeks as a protest, while other congregants knelt or sat during the service as was customary.

Global Management and the digital Divide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global Management and the digital Divide - Essay Example With the onset of globalization, companies are preferring crowdsourcing as a way to innovate and outsource. Starting from big companies such as Kraft Foods to sole proprietorships, organizations are accessing software platforms to gather ideas and labour from an unidentified group of people who can collectively finish a task. Crowdsourcing produces excellent results more quickly and at a relatively lower cost than in-house substitutes (CIO update, 2012). It is used in context of a variety of activities such as product development, advertising and promotion, and marketing research (Fuller, Hutter and Fries, 2012). A complimentary definition of crowdourcing has been given by Gupta and Sharma (2013) who explained that crowdsourcing is an amalgamation of two terms â€Å"crowd† and â€Å"outsourcing†. It is the act of outsourcing tasks, which are performed by contractor or a staff, to an undefined large group of people or crowd. A large number of separate individuals make a small contribution that helps to accomplish the large outcome (Kaganer, et al., 2013). Crowdsourcing is also associated with a certain degree of risk. Organizations face numerous intellectual property and confidentiality risks while carrying out a crowdsourced project. This is particularly because crowdsourcing draws from the common public. The statistical actuality is that a crowdsourced project simply could receive submissions that contain infringing material. In addition to the contravening risks are the augmented contractual compulsions and insurance coverage issues (Lieberstein, Tucker and Yankovsky, 2012). On the other hand there is digital divide which refers to the gap between households, individuals and businesses and geographic areas at dissimilar socio-economic stages with a view to both their chances to access information and communication technologies (ICTs) and their use of the Internet for a broad assortment of activities (Tavani, 2003). The following sections will in volve an in depth explanation of how crowd sourcing works. In addition to that, issues such as digital inclusion, globalisation implications, employment issues, the scope for innovation and entrepreneurial activity and the ability to access finance will be discussed. A brief discussion will also be presented regarding a crowd sourcing project that can be developed followed by a synopsis of the overall finding. 2. Concept of crowdsourcing The concept of crowdsourcing is based on the idea of dividing certain tedious tasks among a large number of individuals or obtaining other services such as getting solutions to different queries or issues through crowd-voting or fundraising by making petition to a large number of people for financial contribution. In the modern business world, the process of globalization is facilitating the process of crowdsourcing (Gassmann, Daiber and Enkel, 2011). Since with globalization, existing gaps between companies or communities are reducing virtually, ga ining the attention of a large crowd is gradually becoming more feasible, than it was five decades ago. Rapid advancement of technology is responsible for such developments. It leads to invention of better methods of communication and makes process of knowledge transfer faster. This leads to faster business development (Zupic, 2013). The most remarkable benefit of outsourcing is that it allows the

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Module review questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Module review questions - Coursework Example I would like to point out that several developments would be made in this sector. Among the most significant trends in the peripheral devices I expect to see in the next ten years is the adoption of a touch screen, wireless mouse and video cards. These are very powerful devices that would enable a computer to produce a more efficient, faster, accurate and high quality work. Basically, a computer system can be classified into supercomputers, mainframe computers and personal computers. The changes in the modern technology have greatly transformed the use of the desktops, laptops, Netbooks, Tablet PCs and Smart Phones. These are the different types of computer systems that are popularly used in the society today. For instance, whereas the desktops are shifting to the use of TFT Monitors, the laptops, Netbooks and the Tablets are becoming more portable and lighter than they used to be before (Ceruzzi, 2000). Besides, the Smart Phones are now able to access the internet and be used in browsing, sending and receiving mails. Application software refers to a set of programs which are exclusively designed to perform a specific application. Even if there is lots of application software, there are certain packages that should be known and thoroughly comprehended by the business and end users. These include, but not limited to accounting software, graphic software and enterprise software. They deal with documentation. So, everyone should know how to effectively operate them. Today, there are so much changes occurring in the software development. A lot of improvements have been made to increase the functionality and effectiveness of the Information Worker Software, Educational Software and Entertainment Software. In future, I would like to see the sophistication of Product Engineering Software and Enterprise Infrastructure Software. This would make them more efficient in their output. The operating system is necessary because it manages both the software

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Movie vs history - Essay Example In the movie, although it is animated, the producer captures the hearts not only of children but also of the adult audiences with the entertaining presentation of colorful animations and the lively songs. Along with the entertainment it offers, the movie also teaches lessons like clinging to the plans God has purposed in a person’s life which is exemplified in the song â€Å"You know Better then I†, a song which the main character, Joseph, sang. Beforehand, the young man questioned God about his imprisonment when he was falsely accused of acts of lasciviousness by his master’s wife and his seemingly hopeless state when his roommates were released later, he realized that God is his maker so it is He who knows what is best for him, and thus inspired the song. One of the strengths of the movie probably is the source of the story, the Bible, which is an accepted as a reference for the study of early civilizations. Early on, the movie claims its historical claim based from the aforementioned text particularly from the book of Genesis. However, there have been changes in the presentations which might affect the learning of audiences as well as their perceptions about the characters. For instance, one might think that Jacob is a weak father who has sacrificed his pride for the sake of his favorite son, Joseph and that he did not discipline his son regarding the dreams he had. In the movie, when Joseph told about his dreams, Jacob supported Joseph even when it concerned him and his wife, being presented to be falling down before the young man in the future. Putting this in juxtaposition with the story in the Bible, Jacob is observed to have rebuked Joseph although he did not also disregard his gift (Gen. 37:10), thus giving him the benefit of the doubt. For an observant historian, this is a sign of failure to stick to the facts of a movie that claims to have based its story from recorded history. It is an important matter that not only the

Age Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Age Discrimination - Essay Example Age discrimination is discrimination based on the age related factors. It has been a problem for the whole world from the centuries. It can be direct or indirect. There are many laws and regulations have been established to prevent the age discrimination but there is still need a lot to be done to overcome this problem.This system is used by many UK based law firms. The system is also a cause of brain draining since there are many older workers who do not want to leave their jobs and are still capable of doing tasks perfectly. Thus, the prevalent system is considered a major cause of age discrimination.The new legislation will be implemented from 1st October 2006; the new system can help organizations and people in reducing the age discrimination. The compulsory retirement ages that are different from the legal standard of 65 will become unlawful or be expired under the upcoming legislation."The Government consulted on proposals to legislate on age discrimination in "Coming of Age". The consultation ended on 17 October. Subject to Parliamentary approval the legislation will come into force on 1 October 2006.remove the upper age limit for unfair dismissal and redundancy rights, giving older workers the same rights to claim unfair dismissal or receive a redundancy payment as younger workers, unless there is a genuine retirementToday, employers need to recruit older workers than younger workers. An older worker means a worker of over 50 years of age. There are currently around 20 million people who are 50 and over alone in the U.K. It is estimated that this figure will reach 27 million by 2030. The government is also consulting on the introduction of the default retirement age (65); with the help of it, the older employees will have a right to request to work over the specified age bracket. What Experts Say According to the department of trade and industry experts, to compliance with the new legislation, partnerships will also be obliged - partnerships are currently affecting with the present legislation. Impact of New Legislation Once the law is implemented, one thing is certain that it will be unlawful to make decisions or policies about partners which are based on the age related factors. On the other hand, there might be chances of starting indirect discrimination since partners will be bound to follow the rules and not to discriminate other partners on the basis of their ages. What Will Be Covered In Legislation -Example "An 18-year-old employee has left his employer, and asks for a job reference. The employer refuses to provide this, stating that employees under the age of 20 will not receive job references because they have built up insufficient length of service to allow for a meaningful

The ontological argument for God's existance Term Paper

The ontological argument for God's existance - Term Paper Example Each Christian must be familiar and informed about the teachings of the Church and Christ. However, it is also helpful to be well-versed with the philosophical and theological writings of Church members. Most of these writings of Christian philosophers and theologians can shed light on the problem of evil, God’s existence and other hostilities that are rejected by modern non-believers. A concise philosophical foreword to intellectual arguments on the subject of God’s existence can aid in propagating the truth and representing Christianity as a logical religion and a lifestyle to other people. This study concentrates on three popular arguments concerning the existence of God – the ontological, cosmological and teleological argument. These evidences have constantly been disputed by different theologians and philosophers over the years. II. St. Anselm’s First Argument St. Anselm, a Doctor of the Church and Canterbury’s Catholic archbishop, was the firs t to formulate the Ontological Argument. This argument is conceivably the most bizarre and most intensely debated proof about the existence of God. It has gained the attention of prominent philosophers such as G.W.F. Hegel (who supported Anselm’s claim) and Immanuel Kant (who opposed Anselm’s claim). ... In essence, this means that the idea of God is a concept buried in people’s minds. God is a probable being and might truly exist. This is because the concept of God does not yield internal inconsistencies. If a particular thing/being exists solely in our own perception and could possibly have existed in reality, then it might have been superior and greater. Simply put, this certain something that is existent in reality great or perfect. Something that only resides in people’s minds can become greater by existing for real. Suppose that, theoretically, God exists solely in a person’s understanding and not for real, then it is probable that God would be greater than he already is (following from premise 3). This means that God can become greater. This argument becomes ridiculous because God is already a perfect being in which a â€Å"greater† is no longer possible. This is where the contradiction lies. Hence, it follows that the notion of God existing only in a person’s understanding is false. For this reason, God exists both in people’s understanding and in reality. This argument is intriguing because it claims that God, who is perfect, should exist in all possible situations so as to gratify his perfection. A God who is existent in only selected circumstances and does not exist in others is a being who is less than perfect. III. Gaunilo’s Reply to St. Anselm’s Arguments Gaunilo is a monk of Marmoutier and a contemporary of Anselm. He was responsible for the creation of one of the most vital critiques of the argument posed by Anselm. It is a sensible to care that the contention of Anselm unlawfully moves from the existence of a concept to the existence of something corresponding to that concept. As put sometimes by the objection, things are

Reading the Constitution Essay Example for Free

Reading the Constitution Essay In their essay, How Not to Read the Constitution, Lawrence Tribe and Michael Dorf describe the ways the Constitution has been interpreted by different people. Tribe and Dorf make it clear that the idea that the Constitution should be interpreted based on what the framers original intent was is not the way to read the Constitution, it takes much more than that. Tribe and Dorf also explain that justices do not interpret the Constitution in a way that would please the readers (the people) on purpose, because if that were so then the authority of the Constitution would lose all legitimacy if it really were only a mirror for the readers ideals and ideas (p. 49). This means that people have the tendency to interpret the Constitution based on their own beliefs. Also, the justices themselves have their own beliefs and their own interpretations of the Constitution, but they should not come up with a decision based solely on their own opinions. The exact way to read the Constitution is indefinable, therefore in their essay, Tribe and Dorf instead described how not to interpret it and implied that justices should make wise decisions that are not entirely based on their own beliefs, the original intents of the framers made generations ago, or the expectations of the public now. In the case Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, Planned Parenthood was challenging a Pennsylvania law that placed some restrictions on abortion. Many opponents of abortion hoped that the Supreme Court would use the case to strike down the decision made in Roe v. Wade, which states that a state ban on all abortions is unconstitutional. The majority of the court voted not to do so. This is a good case for providing insight into the way justices interpret the constitution and make their decisions. Justice of the Supreme Court Sandra Day OConnor wrote the majority opinion for the case. The majority voted not to overrule the decision made in Roe v. Wade. OConnor wrote on behalf of the majority and wrote in the opinion that the main reasons for this decision were based on the principle of stare decisis and the fact that the cases central ruling is workable for the states and does not come at odds with other precedents. Also, OConnor wrote that the word liberty from the statement no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, (the Due  Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment) includes a womans right to an abortion. Thus, the precedent decision made in the case Roe v. Wade that deals with the rights to and restrictions on abortion still stands. Justices William Rehnquist and Atonin Scalia each wrote dissenting opinions about this case. In Rehnquists dissenting opinion, his main point upon which he disagrees with OConnor is that the right to an abortion is not fundamental. By this statement Rehnquist means that the word liberty in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment does not encompass the right to an abortion because the right to an abortion is not implicit in the concept of ordered liberty. Thus, he does not agree with the majority opinion. Scalia disagreed with OConnor and the majority about roughly the same point Rehnquist described in his dissenting opinion. The difference in Scalias opinion is that he believes there is no question that the right to an abortion is a liberty, but he states that it is not a liberty that is protected by the Constitution. Out of these three justices, Sandra Day OConnor would most agree with Tribe and Dorfs essay about how to read and interpret the Constitution. I believe she would be in agreement with them because unlike Rehnquist and Scalia, it seems that she interpreted the Constitution not by what she thought the framers originally meant, but by what she thought would do some good in the future. She also made it clear in her writing that the decision by the majority was not made based on the justices personal beliefs. She shows this in the majority opinion she wrote, the stronger argument is for affirming Roes central holding, with whatever degree of personal reluctance any of us may have, not for overruling it.

Lady Macbeth Analysis Essay Example for Free

Lady Macbeth Analysis Essay Lady Macbeth has a manipulative, vindictive nature. She is a very controlling character yet we see her troubled mind reveal itself as the play progresses although as a character, in my opinion, when her mind unravels and her actions of insanity later occurs in the play I do not feel an ounce of sympathy for the murderous malicious actions of Macbeths temptress that lead him to doom and destruction. Therefore Lady Macbeth is just like a serpent that poisons her prey. In the opening scenes of the play it is clear to see how acutely in love Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are. When Macbeth is told the prophecy by the witches he immediately writes a letter to Lady Macbeth telling her of this news. Macbeth addresses Lady Macbeth as my dearest partner of greatness act 1 scene 5; this shows the magnitude of his love for her. He thoroughly respects her and reports to her, deliver thee not failing to tell her any new information. The first time we meet Lady Macbeth it doesnt give the reader a great perspective. She immediately becomes captivated in Macbeths letter and the prophecy of him being King, and conjures up a plan to kill Duncan, it is later revealed they are mutual friends, as he addresses her as honored hostess act 1 scene 6. This cold hearted nature and deep desire for social status and thriving ambition makes her desert any feelings of guilt and remorse, (for the time being). She is confident and strong, she fears Macbeth is not evil enough to execute a friend to reach the final goal of high status we hear this in her soliloquy, too full o the milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way, act 1 scene 5 she prays for help metaphysical aid act 1 scene 5 to help Macbeth become ruthless. She fears he is without ambition act 1 scene 5 and so would not carry out the deed properly. Lady Macbeth even would do the murder herself as she prays to become manlier unsex me act 1 scenes 5-7, she prays that she will have no conscience and to be filled with poison. This shows the extent of her ambitious mind. It also reveals that although how evil she is, she still needs an extra push to give her confidence, this doesnt mean however that she is an innocent flower, she is still an evil serpent at the fact that she wishes to be even more evil and filled with malice. When she first meets Macbeth she begins to goad and persuade him to do the deed she administrates ideas of looking above suspicion. She tells him look like thinnocent flower, But be the serpent undert. act 1 scene 5, Shakespeare uses very expressive language here with contrasting imagery of a flower (which represents good) and a serpent (which represents evil). This could also be interpreted as a metaphor for Macbeths relationship with his wife in that when Lady Macbeth is plotting murderous schemes and manipulating her husband, Macbeth is presented in a good and vulnerable light. The same applies for when Macbeth decides to take the murders further later on in the book and the audience gains sympathy for his wife. Macbeth is left with little to say and is interrupted by his wife on several occasions in that scene, providing the audience with a clear insight into Shakespeares intentions for the hierarchy within the relationship. That hierarchy being where Macbeth is more or less controlled by what Lady Macbeth tells him to do, almost like a spell of her own. This provides strong evidence for those who believe that Lady Macbeth is like a serpent. Lady Macbeth shows more serpent techniques as she hides her malevolent plans while greeting her guest, the King, at her household. She is skilled with her welcome of politeness towards Duncan as she has already planned that Duncan will die, fatal battlements, act 1 scene 5 yet she can mask her wickedness and still seem courteous towards Duncan. Progressing through the book from the start Lady Macbeth now symbolizes the character of wickedness to her full extent, like a snake that targets its prey and is not satisfied until the aim is achieved. In Act 1 scene 7 we see how Lady Macbeth belittles her husband in an attempt for him to agree whole heartedly to kill the king of Scotland. She tries to make him feel weak and cowardly. She uses foul phrases with appalling imagery such as telling Macbeth that while she was breast feeding her baby she would: while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out, had I so sworn you had done to this. She tries to come over as very menacing and heartless at this point in the play, making a point of the fact that if she had promised to kill her own child she would do so. The role of women at the time when Shakespeare wrote this play was that women were mothers and supported their husbands, there main objective would be to look after the home. A Shakespearian audience would be appalled that Lady Macbeth is neither and that she even threatens a life of a child. This shows how Lady Macbeth would have done almost anything to persuade Macbeth however, after the murder of Duncan, she contradicts herself rather strongly as she comments on not being able to kill her father. In Act 2 scene 2 Lady Macbeth shows strength. Macbeth returns from killing the king to discuss the event with his wife. Shakespeare uses this as an opportunity for the audience to feel sympathy as we see his grief and guilt. We also get to see a very new side to Lady Macbeth, she admits that if he had not looked like her own father she would have done the deed herself, showing that underneath her hard exterior, there are elements of compassion and guilt that though she expresses little, she still feels them just like any other human being. The audience then can see her snap out of her sensitive phase and channel her emotions into reassuring and controlling her husband. She tells him to dismiss his hallucinations about the dagger and to return them to frame the guards who were guarding Duncans room. These deeds must not be thought, after these ways; so, it will make us mad. The audience could consider this as foreshadowing of what occurs as the play progresses as both Lady Macbeth and her husband experience mental disturbances because of the horrific crimes they committed. Hands are used as a metaphor throughout this scene and as an extended metaphor throughout the play. Macbeth refers to his as hangmans hands and uses phrases such as ravelled sleeve of care, whereas Lady Macbeth is far more literal and tells him to wash this filthy witness from your hand. This could be interpreted as the hands representing guilt and so each character handles the guilt in different ways; Macbeth is very open about his guilt and remorse by using dramatic devices such as personification and metaphors, for example: Glamis hath murdered sleep, and therefore Cawdor shall sleep no more: Macbeth shall sleep no more. Lady Macbeth, however, deals with her culpability in a different way in that she pretends to feel nothing towards the situation but it obviously haunts her as we see in her final scene in Act 5 scene 1 where she sleep walks and hallucinates. Shakespeare illustrates this well when Lady Macbeth mocks Macbeth for being so gentle: My hands are of your colour, but I shame, to wear a heart so white. She also says rather flippantly, A little water clears us of this deed. How easy is it then! Your constancy hath left you unattended. Shakespeares intention for this scene, I think, was to show us that there is a sensitive, guilty side underneath her shell of ambition and malevolence. Conversely the depth of evil she has shown so far throughout the play cannot make her an innocent flower but an evil and manipulative serpent. When Macduff discovers Duncans murder with great astonishment, he alerts the whole castle including Banquo, Malcolm and Donaldbain of the kings death and so Lady Macbeth enters. She acts very much like thinnocent flower by pretending to be oblivious to what had happened in the previous scene, Whats the business that such a hideous trumpet calls to parley, the sleepers of the house? Then with immense dramatic irony, Macduff replies calling her gentle lady and commenting on the fact that the talk of murderous deeds is too tender for a womans ears. The audience would find this somewhat amusing as they know that Lady Macbeth is responsible for persuading Macbeth to commit the murder of Duncan and so would not in any way find the subject too sensitive or painful. Lady Macbeth is very much out of control in this scene, she is surprised to find out that Macbeth killed the two attendants which werent in her plan and she begins to falter. In the Macbeths relationship this is somewhat very different from the beginning, Macbeth did not consult Lady Macbeth of killing the attendants and this shows their relationship distancing. Lady Macbeth shows her fragility by fainting, although it is unknown to the audience if she genuinely fainted or if it is an act. Lady Macbeth experiences a loss of power and control in Act 3 scene 2, where Macbeth arranges his next murder without her involvement. Shakespeare has her character showing compassion to her husbands sorriest fancies when he complains of insecurity about his dangerous thoughts and deeds. She tries to make him forget what has happened by instructing him: Using those thoughts which should indeed have died, with them think on? Things without all remedy should be without regard; whats done is done. But Lady Macbeth has lost some of her control, her serpent like naturisms have become wilted but like a serpent, it always remains. Lady Macbeth presents herself as the gracious hostess once more as she invites the lords to dinner in Act 3 scene 4. At the beginning of the scene the audience is presented with the news of Banquos slaughter. Lady Macbeth suspects this but is not directly informed as her husband has somewhat distanced himself from her, implying that he does not need her influences for villainous thoughts any more, he can do it all by himself now. This scene manages to arouse some sympathy for Lady Macbeth as we see her power lessening downfall. This could be what ultimately leads to her suspected suicide. The audience gets to understand that Shakespeare did not want to present Lady Macbeth as a character who takes pleasure in the sight of bloodshed and gore, but one who craves power and enforces her ambitions upon those she can manipulate. We also see a role reversal here for the second time in the play. She already has upset the natural order of marital hierarchy from the beginning of the play where she presents herself in the dominant role which was extremely uncommon for that period. Then as the play progresses she becomes part of a downward spiral where she loses power and the status within the marriage as she becomes the more recessive figure next to her now dominant husband. Which in essence, could her suicide later on in the play be reflected upon the idea that Lady Macbeth needs to be the dominate figure? I think that she becomes so broken by her husbands horrific actions that even she wouldnt commit and she cant take anymore of the division between the once close couple this could be seen as an innocent flower but considering everything that has happened throughout the play, she can certainly not be called innocent. The ghost of Banquo makes an appearance at the dinner table in this scene but of course only Macbeth can see (another one of his deluded hallucinations like the dagger). He becomes extremely unsettled by this and begins to shout at the ghost with a fiery passion that stuns the rest of his guests. Thou canst not say I did it; never shake thy gory locks at me! Ross initiates the lords standing up and leaving their new king in peace to rest and collect himself but Lady Macbeth being thinnocent flower that she pretends to be assures the lords that he is fine and is just unwell. The audience feels some sort of consideration for her as we can see her husbands mental health deteriorates and her power disintegrate. She snaps at Macbeth Are you a man? as she quite obviously feels utterly embarrassed by his reactions to the ghost. She tries to use this as an opportunity to regain her status above Macbeth which is understandable as she feels defeated but is selfish considering her husbands stat e, she shows serpent qualities, the need to be in control of her prey. In the most dramatic scene in Lady Macbeths presence on stage, the audience is given the opportunity to see the real Lady Macbeth as her subconscious takes over her physical state. Having no further matters to occupy her mind as Macbeth no longer tells her his plans, she begins to dwell on the past, slipping further and further from reality until she eventually completely loses her hold on sanity and takes her own life. At the beginning of her last scene, Act 5 scene 1, the doctor and gentlewoman are analyzing her recent behavior, She has light by her continually, tis her command. As light is a common metaphor for purity this insinuates that she doesnt want to be considered evil and wants to redeem herself but cant because she is too involved to dig herself out now and so her subconscious speaks the words she cannot. Out damned spot! Out, I say! One, two. Why then tis time to dot. Hell is murky. Fie, my lord, fie, a soldier, and afeard? What need we fear? Who knows it, when none can call our power to account? Yet who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him? A Shakespearian audience would have recognized the spot as the devils mark and would have reacted with horror as they saw this scene being played; this shows that once again she can be called a serpent. Shakespeare has used very disjointed language with punctuation separating every short phrase. This translates to her being very edgy and emotionally unstable. She then reels off a list of other people for which she feels responsible for their deaths as well as her husband. She refers back to the common theme of hands which has occurred throughout the play. What, will these hands neer be clean? All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. O, O, O. She still refers to her hands as being little and the need for them to be sweetened and so this indicates the want for her to be filled with good and that she is feeling genuine guilt and mental anguish. This anguish finally leads to her suicide by unspecified means. Shakespeare probably chose not to present the death of Lady Macbeth on stage to add to the impact of her exit and last scene and also to be slightly ambiguous. I think a dying scene would have been effective for Lady Macbeths last scene; she could perhaps have given a soliloquy explaining how she truly was feeling. To let her portray her malice side and let the audience be satisfied to call her an evil serpent. The significance of Lady Macbeth being an evil woman becoming tortured with guilt and grief is off great importance to a Shakespearian audience, in that time they believed in witchcraft and in my opinion Lady Macbeth could be portrayed as how people who are evil and malicious never get away with the deed. I think a Shakespearian audience would think witchcraft would have been involved in Lady Macbeths downfall and this would be very real and true for them. She was certainly a bold character for going against the Chain of Being in which God was considered to be ultimately at the top with monarchs under that and other members of society such as lords and townsfolk following after, but at the bottom were women and so she was courageous to consider herself to be above even monarchy! Though wrong, especially considering what was said if the chain of being was to be disrupted, that chaos would arise, disrupting the natural order of life on earth and in the heavens which is seen as inexcusable a definite serpent quality. To conclude, it is evident that Shakespeare had Lady Macbeths emotional state disintegrate as the play proceeded to in effect show the downfall of a control freak. In the first two acts we have little sympathy for Lady Macbeth as Shakespeare only provides the audience with her vindictive exterior, at this time we cannot see what she is truly thinking and feeling. It is only as the play progresses that we understand why she turns out to be the way that she is, that she has a very ambitious character and so enforces that upon her husband. She feels that Macbeth becoming king will benefit them both and sees killing the existing king as the fastest way to get to the throne. She then becomes gradually defeated as Macbeths ambition and obsession with becoming king begins to soar and spiral. She is then over-ridden with guilt and eventually feels that she cannot bear the guilt that torments her troubled mind and so decides to end it all. Had her ambition not overridden her sense of morality, she could have been a respectable, intelligent woman who complemented her husbands abilities to form a perfect partnership. However, she ended up becoming a tortured, immoral, dejected soul, and disliked by many people becoming a serpent.

Does Descartes Successfully Prove The Existence Of God Philosophy Essay

Does Descartes Successfully Prove The Existence Of God Philosophy Essay Descartes arch mission in the Meditations was to provide a theory that would help him get to the truth. Descartes book Meditations on First Philosophy consists of six meditations through which he addresses several uncertain issues in attempt to remove their uncertainties. Maybe the most essential meditation he speaks of is the third meditation in which he discusses the debatable issue of The Existence of God. Although the existence of God is an objective matter, Descartes method in proving this existence is perhaps the most efficient in removing any shadow of doubt which a person might have. This method, which will be further discussed, has its own imperfections and therefore it was fairly easy for doubters to come up with rebuttals and hence, the matter remains objective. Descartes begins his third meditation discussing the existence of himself and regards himself as a thinking thing. In addition to that, he erases any doubts having to do with his sensory experience saying that although he knows his sensory perception and imagination may not exist outside him, however, they do exist inside him and are means of thinking. This that has been said previously does help Descartes approach the truth he seeks but is still not sufficient. Furthermore he continues by saying that a person cannot exist independently; human beings were created by an infinite substance; a being that is eternal, independent and has the highest power plus intelligence. This infinite substance is the reason for the existence of human beings and everything surrounding them, this infinite substance is God. The existence of God to Descartes is a necessity and a crucial matter especially after he established that in order to exist as finite beings, an infinite substance must exist to create us. In previous meditations, Descartes talked about how doubts and desires come from an interpretation that people lack certain things and that people would not notice this lack if it werent for the existence of a more ideal presence that has the things lacked by people. Furthermore, Descartes saw that there is no reason to doubt the existence of God since his perception and understanding of God is an infinite reality and therefore is more likely to be authentic than other conceptions. Having inferred that God essentially exists, Descartes asks himself how he acquired the idea of God. That being said, he advised three types of ideas: Adventitious, factitious, and innate. Adventitious ideas are derived from knowledge that we encounter through life. Factitious ideas are ideas come from our creative imagination. Innate ideas come from within and so from this definition, Descartes considers God to exist as an idea which we were born with and which God himself placed in us. Descartes distinct and clear perception is that God exists as perfection. In order to be labeled as a betrayer, one must have defects and faults. Furthermore, since Descartes sees God as a faultless and infinite being, then God could not be a betrayer or a deceiver. Cogito, ergo sum is a Latin phrase meaning I think, therefore I am and which Descartes quotes. He then explains that as the cogito is there, so should the existence of God. Although meditation three mainly discusses the existence of God, Descartes raises the issue again in meditation five. Meditation five: The essence of material things, and the existence of God considered a second time, includes three principle matters. The first topic covers the essence of matter. The second topic discusses the ontological argument for Gods existence and the third matter involves getting to the route to perfect knowledge. In this meditation, Descartes distinguishes between two things; the essence and the existence. Before knowing of an existing thing, one must be aware of its essence. What he means by that is, knowing the essence of things is to find out whether these certain things could possibly exist and not be actually there. However, we will further see that this does not apply to God, and that God serves as an exception in this matter. Descartes was strongly against Aristotles argument of the essence. To Aristotle, one learns the essence of a triangle by observing and examining surrounding triangular objects. While Descartes says that we acquire knowledge of the essence mainly through the intellect and after that being done will we be able to observe objects in the world resembling triangles. Adding to that, Descartes continues with his argument against Aristotles belief and says that since there are no perfect triangles in the real world then how will we be able to understand them if they do not exist? He also discusses the issue of mathematically abstract equations which we have learned but have not derived from whats surrounding us in our world. He then decides to turn this argument of essence to a more important issue which is proving the existence of God a second time now. However, this second proof shows to be weaker than the one he has discussed in his third meditation. The fact that he considers he should add more proof in this meditation makes us wonder, is he not sure of his first proof? The proof he provides in the fifth meditation is a form of proof that was used amongst scholastic philosophers. We have already established that our formulated idea of God equals a perfect and infinite being. Hence, that would necessarily include existence; it would be considered ideal to exist than not to exist. According to the Descartes, the term existence is not just considered a characteristic of God but a crucial feature of Gods, so that means God cannot be created without associating existence with him. After that proof was known to people and philosophers, Kant pointed out that it contained flaws since he does not agree with the fact that existence defines and object. To Kant, existence does not accommodate a certain object as much as it accommodates the world. Therefore he concludes that existence is not a property of Gods. Although Descartes provided many explanations regarding his proofs, they still remain very objective thus raising many counter arguments presented by people and philosophers. Descartes claim that we have a clear and distinct idea of an infinite being is not a valid statement because we do not in any way have a clear idea of this infinite being. That being said, when we are able to think of an ideal being does not follow that this ideal being we are thinking of actually exists. Thinking of something does not validate its existence or make it actually exist. Furthermore, even if we have an idea of God within us, it does not necessarily mean that God put that idea in us. Our ideas are not all innate, we do possess adventitious ideas which enable us to think and imagine creatively thus creating the idea of God. In order for God to be able to create himself and exist independently, he must own the attribute of timelessness, and we cannot just assume that he does own that property; hence, we cannot say that God is the reason he exists. If we allow something to be there without a cause then we would be going against our nature, and if we do allow it, then how does that stop everything else from existing without a cause? These arguments are not denying the existence of God, they are just justifying that Descartes proofs and discussions are presented in a weak manner and do not successfully prove the existence of God. Descartes does present himself as an intelligent person with rational discussions, but has failed to provide much rational explanations with regards to the existence of God. Since the beginning of his meditations, Descartes did classify that his thoughts of God present God as a perfect infinite being and then he classified himself as an imperfect being. This poses a problem; how can an imperfect person decide and define which properties exist as being perfect and which do not? When he says that, it is as if he is saying that his judgments and explanations are as ideal as his idea of God. To conclude matters, it is possible to think of God and an imperfect being. However that does not summon the things I think of to existence. Every person can have a different thought or image of God according to his/her way of thinking. That is why, the existence of God remains a debatable issue and is very much objective regardless of the different present religions.

Indiviualism in Fahrenheit 451 :: Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451

A lot of the things we have today that are manmade came from people who dared to think outside of the box. There are not so good ideas that we learn from and there are also really great ideas from which we learn and benefit from. Ask yourself this how is society to grow, change, and develop if we only listen to how one person wants it to be. Individualism is belief in the primary importance of the individual and personal independence, it makes everyone unique. If there was not individuality high school life would be boring. You wouldn’t walk around seeing thousands of students wearing clothes that express who they are but instead you would see everyone wearing boring dull colors like our school colors for example. Need I say more. Part of the high school experience is everybody being their own individual self. “ All fords are a like but no two people are the same!” (Henry Ford). He saw himself in her eyes, suspended in in two shining drops of bright water, himself dark and tiny, in fine detail the lines about his mouth, everything there, as if her eyes were two miraculous bits of violet amber that might capture and hold him intact. (Bradbury 7) This quote is important because it shows what the government is doing and wants and also what Guy wants. The first part of the quote represents how Guy wants the society to let everyone be an individual. You ask yourself what does all of this have to do with Fahrenheit 451. If you said that the theme is individualism then I would say that you are close but no cigar. The theme of the book is what the author Ray Bradbury says about individuality. Bradbury shows how he fells about this through the character Guy Montag. Fahrenheit 451 has many examples. One is when Guy is running away from the mechanical hounds the community all open their doors: “at the count of ten now! One! Two! He felt the city rise. Three! He felt the city turn to its thousands of doors. Faster leg up, leg down! Four! The people sleep walking in their hallways. Five! He felt their hands on the door knobs! The smell of the river was cool and like solid rain. His throat burnt rust and his eyes were wept dry with running. He yelled as if this yell would jet him on, fling him the last hundred yards.

I Want to Learn to Take Risks Essay -- Personal Narrative Essay Exampl

I want to learn to take risks. I want to change my attitude about taking chances. Assessing my academic and extracurricular achievements, I am proud of my accomplishments. I see myself as an open-minded, goal-oriented person who achieves and succeeds through hard work and determination. How much of that success is a result of staying on comfortable ground? I began wondering about the range of my abilities when I attended Northwestern University's Theater Arts Program last summer. The theme of the institute, announced by the director, was: "Dare to fail gloriously." This idea encouraged participants to take bold risks on the stage. Over time I applied this philosophy to my acting and my life. I began the Northwestern program as a quasi-accomplished actress with a hunger to absorb all I could about acting. I emerged not only a well-rounded thespian, but also a more secure person with a new outlook. I knew that there was something about my life that I wanted to change and could change. Now, as I approach college, I am committed to continuing successes and occasional glorious fail...

Classroom †debate Essay

What methods can teachers / trainers use to establish ground rules with their learners? I currently teach in a â€Å"Category C, Male Populated Prison† and I am employed in education to deliver a broad spectrum of hospitality qualifications to class of 10 learners. In turn I have an obligation to mentor to a minimum of 25 guided learning hours per week, to include numeracy, literacy, and ICT. Therefore it is essential for me that establishing ground rules are fundamental for ensuring classroom management in any learning environment; understanding the needs and views of those contributing, will have a greater appreciation from the group. Atherton, J. S (2005) defines ground rules as† The minimum necessary conditions for getting learning work done in the class. † By setting boundaries for learners, they will help to create a safe and relaxed environment that will ultimately promote transparency, underpin behaviour and mutual respect for each other. Three distinct options could be utilised; * The teacher who can take a very autocratic attitude and dictate the required behaviour expected. * The learners set the agenda, with little guidance, giving limited structure to the classroom. * Open and honest discussion between the teacher and the learners to allow individuals to highlight what they feel is important to the group. This leads towards everyone living with group decisions and refraining from articulating their own personal reservations outside that group. There are several ways of establishing ground rules through consensual agreement and negotiation: Small group method; Breaking the group into smaller units to think about a limited number of suggestions that they feel are important to them. Go around the room to discuss these ideas, while also trying to elicit an understanding behind their submissions. Ensure that the group is happy about their input, but make certain that any missed and basic rules are incorporated Allow the group to openly discuss the suggestions and allow them to debate the value and worth to the classroom. The group can then vote to stipulate what rules the class should adhere too. By recording the rules, you will have a reference point for the class to focus should individuals fail to abide. Periodic revisiting and re-evaluation will highlight any deviation from those â€Å"Ground Rules† Ground rule poster; There can be issues regarding the level of understanding from a group who may have poor literacy standard. A Ground Rule Poster may be more applicable in these circumstances; a pictorial significance can have the same emphasis as a written statement. The Acronym method; Utilise the ground rules to invent a short inventive statement: AAchieve goal LLearner participation EElicit perfection XXcel Brookfield & Preskill’s method Ask the students to think about the best group discussions, they have been involved in. What happened that made these discussions so satisfying? Next, ask the students to think about the worst group discussion in which they have been involved. What happened that made these discussions so unsatisfactory? For each of the characteristics, have the students suggest three things that the group might do to ensure that these characteristics are present or not present as the case may be. Use the students’ suggestions to draft a set of ground rules on which you all agree. Record the guidelines. Copy the list and bring it to section the following week. This way all students have copies that they can refer to over the semester. Periodically, have the class take a moment to evaluate whether the guidelines established at the beginning of the semester are being followed, and whether they work. The kind of behaviour and respect you would aim to achieve by negotiating and establishing the ground rules with the learners will ultimately define and underpin the success of the learning experience. Tutor name: Sally Welsh Word count: 633 Ashley Robson Bibliography Adapted from Brookfield, S. and Preskill, S. (1999). Discussion as a Way of Teaching: Tools and Techniques for Democratic Classrooms. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Atherton, J. S (2005) defines ground rules as† The minimum necessary conditions for getting learning work done in the class. †

Korean Drink Sikhye Essay

Seol, the biggest traditional Korean holiday of the year, is when family members gather and eat a traditional meal with a variety of dishes which eventually, leads to overeating. What drink is used help digest all those food, Sikhye. Sikhye is a sweet drink made of malt and rice that has been a traditional beverage throughout Korean culture. It was first introduced in a book on knowledge of living called Samunsaseol in 1740. In the 1800s the recipe was revealed in cook books named Gyungonyoram and Siuijeonseo. There are various kinds of sikhye, Andong sikhye, Jinju sikhye, dried meat sikhye from Gyeongsangdo, dried pollack sikhye from Gangwondo, halibut sikhye from Hamgyeongdo, sailfin sandfish sikhye, and yeonan sikhye. It is said that Sikhye was created in North Korea and made mainly of fishes, powdered red pepper, and radish. Then it was introduced in the South and instead of fishes, malt was put in. After that it gradually known to be established with malt and rice only. Sikhye is a fermented drink made through patience. This drink was first drunk due to its job of stimulating digestion. Sikhye is also referred to dansul or gamju. While Sikhye is rice punch with rice floating in it, gamju is rice punch without rice floating in it. The famous drink is made by pouring malt water into boiled glutinous rice to leave for a while to ferment. Then the rice is removed from the water and rinsed and drained. The remaining water is boiled with sugar and ginger and served cool with the rice. The taste of this refreshment is the malt that is used. Malt is also significant due to its nutritional value. Sikhye is a natural sweet drink made without any artificial sweeteners. This drink prevents food from decomposing in our bodies and has anti-cancer substances. That is why it is important to drink sikhye after a meal. Due to this fact, it was served to Kings as a dessert. The beverage helps balance the body warming a cold body and cooling a hot body. Therefore it is good for diets and hangovers. Sikhye, one of the most cherished Korean drinks, is an important factor in Korean Culture. With its refreshing while unique sweet taste, it grabs people from different ethnicities. It is found in almost every Korean grocery store. While its great while bought, it best when homemade especially in Korea. In Korea, homemade Sikhye is naturally made which makes it distinctive from other drinks. It is known to be one of the best drinks in the culture. There are little ingredients that go in Sikhye, but there it needs a lot of patience to make. The ingredients in this refreshment are Korean rice, malt powder, warm water, caster sugar, ginger, and pine nuts if want to garnish. When making sikhye, what you need to do first is to mix warm water and powdered malt and leave it for three to four hours until the water becomes yellowish. The next step is to mix hard-boiled rice with the malt water in a small earthenware jar and keep it warm for four to five hours. The temperature should be kept at 60 to 70 degrees. If it were lower or higher temperatures, it would spoil the fermentation process. After about four hours, open the jar and check to see if the grains of rice are floating and if they are, take the rice out of the jar using a strainer, and rinse it with cold water and place it in a separate container. Then refrigerate the rice. The next step is to boil the remaining water and add some sugar for taste. Remove the foam that appears on the surface while boiling. After boiling the water, put it in a jar and refrigerate it, to make it cold. When served in special occasions, pour the water in a glass bowl and put the floating rice and other ingredients for decoration. If need more sweetening, add more sugar. This is how to prepare Sikhye and serve it during occasions.

History of Psychology Essay

Modern psychology is a science that it continually being researched and added to. Psychology predates the 19th century and includes roots into early philosophy. Looking closely one can identify philosophers that related to the beginnings of psychology, identify major philosophers that historically relate to the beginnings psychology as a formal discipline and how the development of the science of psychology changed during the 19th century. A philosopher that could easily be called the father of modern psychology would be: Rene Descartes. Descartes was a philosopher in the 17th century that stepped outside the limits and wanted to know more. Descartes came up with 4 basic rules to arrive at the truth of whatever he was researching. These rules were basically to think clearly, logically and without bias (Goodwin, 2008). Descartes had several derived ideas and was considered a nativist and a rationalist. These ideas that he created foreshadowed one of psychology’s major topics of nature versed nurture. Descartes also fought that there was a difference between a person’s mind and body; and this difference separated us from animals. Before Descartes died he published his last of many books called: The Passions of the Soul. This book established him as a psychologist and a physiologist (Goodwin, 2008). This book emphasized on human emotions and continued on with a discussion about mind and body distinctions. He Clarified the body is a machine and responds to curtain motions, such as fear, that trigger reflexes. Descartes also determined that the pineal glad in the brain was the gland that sent messages from the mind/spirit to the body. Descartes died at just before his 54th birthday in 1650. There were several philosophers that historically relate to the beginnings psychology as a formal discipline. John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume and John Stuart Mill are just a few to mention. Each philosopher contributed an aspect to psychology that led to its formal discipline. John Locke refused to believe in an innate mind and believed that mind is created by experiences and was not pre programmed. He stated believed that the ideas that come from our minds are due to ones sensations and reflections from experiences (Goodwin, 2008). George Berkeley added an analysis of visual perception. He disagreed with Locke’s theory of primary and secondary distinctions, but stated that our belief in God gave us a type of reality. David Hume is known for his study of impressions. This study helped research sensations and ideas the thought were due to impressions. Hume also identified the rules of association as resemblance, contiguity and cause/effect (Goodwin, 2008). There are a couple of reasons that psychology changed dramatically in the 19th century. John Stuart Mill was a big part of that change. Even though John Stuart Mill was a very young philosopher, he studied the logic of science and analyzed several methods on how to get a scientific truth. For example, Mill would look in to different genes that could produce depression. Every depressed person that he would look at would have this gene; however that did not mean that if you had the gene that you automatically had depression. In modern times we call his methods the experimental method and the correlation method. These types of methods are use today in the field of psychology. Philosophers are a big part of the modern world of psychology. They helped introduce methods that are still used today and added science to the study. Without philosophers we may still believe that the mind and body are one and that genes create thoughts and ideas and not experiences. We would not understand how visual and sensations react and create thoughts and different experiences. Philosopher Hermann Ebbinghaus once said that â€Å"Psychology has a long past, yet its real history is short† (Goodwin, 2008). This statement represents the fact that psychology is only 100 years old, but can be predated back from the time humans started asking questions.

Communication for organizations Essay

The Internet was introduced to the world not too long ago. However, since it’s introduction, it has since grown at an amazing rate. People now source the Internet for information, research, and recently, even shopping. Faster modem speeds have caused more people to rely on the Internet as information can be found at an amazing speed. In today’s business world, it has now become essential for a company to have Internet access. There are very few businesses today that do not have their own websites and e-mail address from which the public can contact them. Below is an analysis of how the Internet has changed communications for organisations. In the past, communications within organisations were mostly done either by the word of mouth or by writing memos. By word of mouth, when people wanted to communicate with a person within the office, he had to either go to the desk to tell the respective person the message or do it through the phone. However, one problem with this is that the message might get distorted when passing from one person to another. Furthermore, when passing a message by word of mouth, there is no written evidence of what was said. As such, it would be very difficult to track the agreements made within the 2 parties later on. Another way people used to communicate within organisations without the Internet were by passing memos. They would simply write a memo with their intended message to their colleague and leave it on the person’s desk or in-tray. However, these memos give a person excessive paperwork and very often, the person’s desk will be filled up with memos. As a result of this, these memos very often get lost and thus lose its credibility. Companies also had a hard time communicating with people outside their office organisation, especially with overseas branches. One of the ways includes using the method known as â€Å"snail† mail today. They would send their letters over to their counterparts overseas via mail. Not only did this include a very high cost, this was often a very slow way of communication. A mail would take a minimum of 3 days before it would reach its recipient This is a very time consuming way of communication and could cost a company a lot of money in this fast moving business world. Should a company need to send documents out immediately, one of the ways they could do it was via fax. This method, though faster than mail, was still very slow. Fax quality is also not known to be of high. The cost incurred by faxing was also very high. A fax to an overseas country was calculated as the same rate as an overseas call. There is also no evidence that the document has been faxed over and conflicts may occur. Basically, communications for organisations without Internet was usually too slow or limited in terms of capacity of information that could be sent over. High costs for postage or faxing were also incurred in these ways. Since the introduction of the Internet, communications within organisations is now made easier. The Internet has provided us with E-mails, chat rooms, as well as Internet-to-handphone communications. Furthermore, these programs also provide official records of agreements and conversational exchanges. E-mails and chat transcripts are recognized by the civil court, thus adding validity and trust to the communication process. E-mails are almost instantaneous, ensuring no waste of time in the communication process. An e-mail that was sent in Singapore today can be received in another country across the world within seconds. With today’s fast moving business world, speed in communication is essential and there is a need for real-time information. The E-mail provides a very good solution to this problem. The Internet also provides us with chat programs such as MSN Messenger, ICO and AOL. These programs allow 2 users who are countries apart to communicate to each other instantaneously. They would be able to know how negotiations across the world are going on and thus be able to make the necessary decisions. Furthermore, these programs also allow multi-user chat. This enables many people, all in different countries, to form a discussion and to trade information. These programs also have the function of adding a web camera and mike. As such, it would be just like a videoconference. However, the best point of all this is that companies incurs little cost for this.  These programs are easily downloaded from the Internet and all the company has to pay for is the net time that they use. The Internet also allows file transfers between 2 people. As such, Word documents, Excel spreadsheets and Access databases can be e-mailed from one person to another. This would help a company who is spread across different countries. Company branches around the world could transfer files over to the headquarters who can compile them and access their businesses around the world. The Internet has also made communications between the company and the public a lot easier. Most organisations already have their own website that provides more information to the public about their goods and services. They would provide information on the goods/services that they are selling with probably a description and price. The public could then research the company up on their own instead of calling up the company to find out this information. Usually, they would also provide, on their website, a list of frequently asked questions (FAQ) about their company to answer the public’s queries. Most organisations now also have E-mails with which the public can reach them. All these would save them the manpower required to answer phone calls and channel it to better uses. In general, without the use of the Internet, most of the communication was done either verbally or using â€Å"hard-copy† means. As mentioned before, a verbal means of communication lacked written â€Å"black-and-white† evidence of the conversation and a lot is relied on the integrity of the people involved. Hard copy means were also not a very good means of communications, as it would cause excessive paperwork. Furthermore, once the hard copy documents are either lost or destroyed accidentally, it would be impossible to trace it back. The Internet has brought with it an ability to transfer documents via soft copy, enabling the recipient to make any necessary amendments to the documents. The Internet also allows companies to communicate better with its customers and the public. It enables customers to communicate with the company without having to personally go to the company’s location. The Internet has brought about many changes in the way communications are made within organisations. It has made communication more efficient and has also brought down the cost of communications for companies. It is no wonder that more and more companies are looking to the Internet to solve their communication problems.

Book Review on Life Strategies for Teens Essay

This book tells about the ten Life Laws that the author’s father has written about, but into a way that teens can easily understand. These Life Laws are to get us understand more why our lives are like this at the moment, what we have done has led our lives to be like this. The Laws are to help us to get back onto the right track with life, dealing with the problems we face, creating our own lives and future. It tells us that it is up to ourselves to create a life that we want; it is all by our control. I haven’t learnt really much, in a narrow speaking definition, of studying in this book, as it most tells me about the attitude and things to do, concerning our whole lives but not just on studying. But Life Law Four ‘You cannot change what you do not acknowledge’ did help me to see that there are actually more I can do to improve my results and to achieve success. I came to know that I should have done much more. As it says in the book that ‘Life rewards action’ as Life Law five, I came to realize that I have much more that I want to achieve than I had even thought of. As I get to know that not until I do it, I would never know what is out there waiting for me. There are always greater possibilities than we could ever imagine for ourselves. We should always aim for more and higher, as long as you have the desire and is willing to do the things you want to do, you always can, in one way or the other. So after reading the book, there are a few things I would like to achieve. I would, of course, want to keep up with my result, as the curriculum will only be harder and requires more effort to be paid. Schedule is expected to be filled up with homework, tests, exam and revision, as well as projects of different subjects. Apart from keeping up my result and a GPA of 3. 5 or above, I would like myself to do more extra work for studying, like to prepare more before the lesson, read some more extra information about that topic, or even do more drilling papers. History is the subject that I would like myself to work extra hard on, not for getting an ‘A’, but to enrich myself with the subject and be more passionate about it. Other subjects are to be work hard on as well, but I will just put more effort on History, as t is what I want to do and is able to do. I should really strive the best and to exceed myself for my goals. Also, in a broader meaning of studying, I have learnt much about my life from this book. It somehow teaches me to have a better attitude on different aspects in life, with friends, with parents, in school, and most importantly me. About what I should do for the rest of my life, how I should deal with problems, face difficulties, and to go through the life journey with a smile on my face, as least knowing why everything would happen in such a way, and to change it into the way I want life to be. Both the first Life Law and the second Life Law, which are ‘You either get it, or you don’t’ and ‘You create your own experience’ it is just so true in my life. I really I had been struggling before I made the decision of switching school a year ago. I wasn’t doing so well in my school or with my classmates. I felt so ‘whatever’ all the time, thinking that this is just what I get, I have to go with it, I have to suffer it, etc. I didn’t think that I could have changed it, I didn’t think that I could change my own life into a better way. It wasn’t until one day, while chatting with my friend, she was talking all about the fun things she experienced in school, and I was thinking ‘Oh, I just wish I could be like her as well. ’ Then, she asked me ‘Hey, how is your school going? ’ I was astonished. I was thinking that I had told my friends a thousand times that my school isn’t going well and I simply hate it, why could she ask me like this? So, I asked her ‘I told you it isn’t so great, why you are asking again? ’ She shrugged ‘Well, I don’t know if you may have changed it or do something with it, as to make yourself happier or what. I froze there, wondering why on earth she thought I could have changed my life into a happier stage. Then I started to think hard, is there something I can change? Is my life really having no hope at all? From there, I thought as hard as I could ever have. Then, I gradually understand why I had my life so miserable and I chose to change it with the decision of switching school. By now, I have proven that I have my own control with my life. I see the change in myself, from not knowing what I am going to do with my life, to having a clear goal on my life and being optimistic with my own life. I have more friends, I work harder in school, I started to get better results, etc all these I can see myself changing and it proves that I really do have the power to change my life into a better way. After reading the first two Life Law, now I understand more on my life. I now get to know how I have chosen for myself to be happy. It is always good to know that you have done something right, isn’t it? And I am now more sure of how to make myself happy in my life. Now, here comes the third Life Law of ‘People do what works’. It tells that people, teenager here, sometimes found themselves doing something stupid over and over again. In this chapter, it stated that the people continue to do these things because they are getting ‘payoffs’. I get to realize why I still come back home later than my mum expected and I always knew that I am going to be scolded or even punished, but still I continued to be late at home. After reading this chapter and know more about it, I got to understand that my ‘payoffs’ is having more time with friends and don’t need to be home under my parents’ control. As I got to know what is my ‘payoffs’ and what I have in return, I can now balance the two things that I want. I can now tell myself that if I go back home punctually and always tell where I would go to my parents, they’d trust me and give me more degree of freedom and I could have more time with my friends. I now see another way to get what I want. Life Law Six: There is no reality, only perception. It somehow tells me that sometimes how I think of other people may not be the exact way that they think. I now get to know that I can choose how I think of other people and myself. By knowing this, I can now choose how to think others and the way I treat them. If I can always look at the good side of people, I can be happier with them, since I know they are good people with good intension. My life could be happier. As my emotions would be affected by my perceptions about people around me. I also learn that I should be influence by my personal view on a person, as there is always a great possibility that I would misjudge them. For the rest of the Life Laws, they are also useful and can be applied to my life, as to make my life happier and more meaningful. By ‘We teach people how to treat us’; I know that how I should do to earn my parents’ trust, and y own freedom. More importantly, I now understand how I should do to get a good impression with people. All the ten Life Laws have brought me to a deeper understanding of my present life, not just how I study but my life being myself and what I should live my whole life. Life Law Seven ‘Life is managed, it is not cured’ it emphasized once again that we are the one who controls our lives. We should always choose for ourselves, the way we treat others, the way we treat ourselves. This book has taught me much about life, not just studying in school but studying through my whole life.

The Detrimental affects of the internet on young minds Research Proposal

The Detrimental affects of the internet on young minds - Research Proposal Example Many young people, having grown up with online friends, seem to have lost the ability to discern the difference between real and virtual. What kind of effect would this have on their real-world relationships? The prevalence of real-time role-playing games shared with friends over the always-on internet connection blurs this boundary between the real world environment and the imagined world to an even greater degree. What effect would this have on a young person’s concepts of the real? How would the combined effects of warped real-world relationships and warped concepts of real-world environment function to shape the young person’s perception of life or development of a world-view? As this field is a relatively new one, it is imagined that there is not a lot of research available yet on these topics. The present research is thus designed to discover if these types of negative effects of internet use are truly manifest within this first generation. Rather than attempting to lead the research with these questions specifically in mind, the goal of the present investigation will be to explore the central question of what are the detrimental effects of the internet on young minds as identified by professionals and as recognized by young people? To gain answers to the research question, a search of available literature on the topic will be conducted. The purpose of starting with the literature review is to understand what has been written on the topic already and to determine whether previous research supports my hypotheses regarding the detrimental effects of the internet on a young person’s mind. From this vantage point, the next stage of the research will be to develop a survey to distribute among professional psychologists and counselors who work on a regular basis with young people and a survey to distribute among young people.

The Economic Structure Of Trusts And Fiduciary Obligation Essay

The Economic Structure Of Trusts And Fiduciary Obligation - Essay Example The inflexibility of the no conflict rule and the no-profit rule seems hardly fair in the field where discretion requires the utmost flexibility in decision-making. The no-profit rule has also been segregated from the no conflict rule6 and the rationalization of the no-profit rule makes sense. In Swain v Law Society Oliver LJ stated that no profit rule is predicated on the distinct principle that obtaining a profit without authorization is a breach of fiduciary duties because the profit itself is actually trusted property.7 The no-profit rule is therefore not entirely inflexible as trustees may make a profit out of the trust with the proper authorization. 8 However, should a beneficiary complain of a breach of trust pursuant to the no-profit rule, it may be difficult for the trustee to claim that the profit was authorized.9 The no profit rule is intricately tied to the no conflict rule as the operation of the no conflict rule is often applied to the making of profits.10 For instance, in Industrial Development Consultants Ltd. v Cooley it was held that the trustee must account for profits made in his competing business.11 Although the ruling was obviously made pursuant to the no conflict rule, the case clearly related to making profits and thus the no-profit rule. It would, therefore, appear that the no-profit rule is ultimately unnecessary as any conduct amounting to the making of a profit can properly be dealt with under the no conflict rule. As for the no conflict rule, there is considerable debate over whether or not the rule should be stricter or more relaxed or constructed with greater flexibility.12 However, the House of Lords’ ruling in Boardman v Phipps makes it clear that the no conflict rule is strictly applied.

Leadership for Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leadership for Organizations - Essay Example This intentional feature of acquiescence distinguishes from the various kinds of manipulations reliant on official power. The final aspect focuses on the fact that the consequences of leadership lead to deriving desired behavior from the followers. These desired actions are supposed to be decisive and are targeted towards an intention in a particular organizational structure. In other words, leadership is the competence of an individual to channelize and to stimulate the followers for the reason of exerting increased endeavor towards the accomplishment and effectiveness of the organization (Weiss, 2011). The paper intends to comprehend the leadership style that would be best suited to ensure the degree of success of an organization. Thus, this paper will make an attempt towards comprehending and evaluating the key concepts of leadership in a particular organization. The organization chosen for the reason of realizing the purpose of the paper is the Ashford Rotary Club. Leadership The ory & Its Way of Working Transformational Theories The transformational theories or this particular approach entails the basic notion that alteration and the function of leadership is predicting and putting into practice the reconstruction in terms of performance in the organizations. Leaders pursuing this approach help in prompting emotions within the followers which are perceived to stimulate them in order to behave in a definite way that can be referred as exchange relations. Transformational leaders are generally learnt to have a good vision and adequate management skills in order to generate an emotional union with the concerned followers. It has been noticed that the leaders possess a tendency to motivate the followers with the intention to attain the purposes that go further than their respective self interest (Boyle, 2003). Transformational leaders are known to entail three core characteristics and they are motivation, empowerment and morality. The motivational factor in suc h leaders is learnt to aim at the upper-order needs, for instance self-actualization in comparison to the other fundamental behavioral as well as emotional needs. The feature of morality emphasizes on the development of the followers. This particular core feature engages the incorporation of the moral values in relation to a particular organization within the followers which aids in giving rise to united orientation among the group members. Finally, the trait or quality of empowerment entails decisive independence, dynamic task management along with effectiveness of the individuals. Therefore, the three features of the transformational leaders help in attaining the following mentioned factors with regard to the followers (Boyle, 2003). An instance can be observed in terms of the President of the Ashford Rotary Club who acts as a leader for the members by guiding them. The President is known to follow a transformational style of leadership as he strongly motivates the members towards serving the community to the maximum. He never fails to admire or acknowledge the work done by his members and makes it a point to speak about the achievements of the respective members with the others. This helps in strongly encouraging the members in exerting increased efforts towards the attainment of the objectives of the Rotary Club despite witnessing grave problems such as dearth of funds (Ashford Rotary Club, n.d.). Effect of Power &

Electronic and Mobile Commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Electronic and Mobile Commerce - Essay Example Today, managing an online business is much easier than managing conventional businesses because various legal and economic factors affect the progress of conventional businesses. The shift towards online businesses is based on multiple factors some of which include complex legal requirements in starting conventional type businesses, decreased rate of employment, and rapidly progressing economy. The rate of unemployment is increasing in every part of the world these days and the salaries are also not big enough to meet daily expenses of life. Therefore, along with the move of established companies towards mobile commerce, more and more individuals are also focusing towards internet businesses in order to earn a respectable income. Considering these benefits of online businesses, almost every big or small company aims to make an online presence. Let us now discuss what established companies need to do more to make a shift towards mobile commerce. ... earching the functional cope of required initiatives, they need to work out the sustainability features of all benefits that they may get from shifting towards online business. The last step is to prioritize the initiatives in order to develop a proper mobile commerce strategy regarding what to be done and in which sequence. Technology, service, market, and brand are four key positional factors that companies need to analyze while developing a successful mobile commerce strategy (Watson, Berthon, Pitt, & Zinkhan, 2008). Having discussed the plan for established companies to shift towards mobile commerce, let us now discuss some main components that play the most significant and primary role in running an online business successfully. 1. Internet Internet is the main component of mobile commerce without which the aim of running a business online cannot be achieved. Internet helps companies in reaching international markets, as well as in introducing products to a broad range of local and foreign customers. At present, internet has become one of the extensively used technologies that companies use to reach success in a very short span of time. Facebook, Twitter, Amazon, eBay, and Groupon are some of the main examples of companies that have achieved a reputable name in online business sector. 2. Website Website is another main component of mobile commerce. A company aiming to go online needs to develop a well-organized and fully functional website to make people aware of its products and services. A good website plays the role of a stepping-stone towards the success of a company because it is the only way people can view the business and products of the company. A website not only makes customer aware of a company’s business but also serves as a key marketing agent for